The Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 has been accepted by many states since it was adopted on 20 October 1972 and entered into force on 15 July 1977.
The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as amended has five parts and four annex.
They are :
- Part A – General
- Part B – Steering and sailing rules
- Part C – Lights and shapes
- Part D – Sound and light signals
- Part E – Exemptions
And
- Annex I – Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes
- Annex II - Additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity
- Annex III – Technical details of sound signal appliances
- Annex IV – Distress signals
In this report, I will be submitted “CHECKING THE RISK OF COLLISION AND ACTION TO AVOID COLLISION BY USING COLREG PART (B)”.
RULE (7) RISK OF COLLISION
A. Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
B. Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
C. Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.
D. In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:
(i) such risk shall be deemed to exists if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;
(ii) such risk may sometimes exits even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
COMMENT:
All available means : visual compass bearings, radar plotting, VHF information, VTS information and AIS.
Proper use of radar equipment : true motion, relative motion.
Bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change :
Case (1): bearing of a same way vessel with same speed – it doesn’t mean that ROC exists.
Case (2): steady bearing of a vessel with higher speed but distance increased – it doesn’t mean that ROC exists.
Case (3): if the true compass bearing does not appreciably change and distance is also decreased, ROC exists.
Approaching a vessel at close range : when a bearing taken forward of a towing vessel is closing and aft end of vessel being towed is opening – surely will cross the towing line.
RULE (8) ACTION TO AVOID COLLISION
NOTE (1):
Every action taken must be correct and successful.
Positive, Early, and Substantial Action in every case.
NOTE (2):
In sight of one another, different sidelight would be visible.
In R/V, substantial action must be readily apparent to another vessel observing by radar. (e.g. A/C at least 30deg, prefer 60deg to 90deg.)
NOTE (3):
Passing at a safe distance (it depends on the situation and regards as safe speed)
The fact to be taken into account – other vessel may encounter engine or steering failure at any time.
NOTE (4):
If necessary to avoid collision or to assess the situation, speed must be reduced.
The face to be taken when making astern: loss of steerage way, transverse effect, strong wing effect, shallow water effect.
NOTE (5):
Alteration of course is most effective action in head-on or fine bow, sometimes in overtaking situation.
NOTE (6):
- (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe passage of the other vessel.
- (ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved o f this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the Rules of Part (B)
- (iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of Part(B) when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.
RULE (13) OVERTAKING
- 1. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of part B section I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
- 2. A vessel shall be deemed to overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the stern light of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
- 3. When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
- 4. Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
RULE (14) HEAD-ON SITUATION
- 1. When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
- 2. Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
- 3. When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
Note: Many collisions caused by alteration to port to increase passing distance, meanwhile, the other vessel turned to starboard.
RULE (15) CROSSING SITUATION
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.
NOTE:
(i) In a crossing situation, a PVD is required to avoid crossing ahead of a PVD on her starboard side, is there is ROC exists, but not directed to cross astern.
(ii) A/C to starboard is best method but reduce speed or substantial alteration to port would be preferable in order to avoid collision with a vessel approaching from near the starboard beam..
RULE (16) ACTION BY GIVE-WAY VESSEL
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
COMMENT:
1. Give-way vessel – every vessel, which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel, as required by Rules 12, 13, 15, 18.
2. The give-way vessel is required to take early and substantial action to keep well clear.
3. By complying Rule (8),
- i. Any alteration of course or speed to avoid collision should be made in ample time and be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel.
- ii. Action shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance.
- iii. The effective of the avoiding action must be checked until finally past and clear.
- iv. If necessary, slacken her speed of take all way off.
NOTE: The obligations of a give-way vessel are specified in Rules (8) and (16).
RULE (17) ACTION BY STAND-ON VESSEL
A. (i) Where one of the two vessels is to keep out of the way other shall keep her course and speed.
(ii) The later vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these rules.
B. When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.
C. A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstance of the case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.
D. This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the way.
COMMENT:
1. Stand on vessel is required to keep her course and speed.
2. Rule (17) does not apply to not in sight of one another and no ROC.
3. Not necessarily have to remain the same course and same RPM
4. Before taking action, stand-on vessel must continuously assess the situation and give warning signal prescribed in Rule 34(d).
5. Reduction of speed made by stand-on vessel may make more difficult for the give way vessel to cross astern, may be even more appropriate to increase speed in certain circumstances.
6. To emphasize the give-way vessel is not relieved of her obligation to take early and substantial action passing at a safe distance.
7. Even if the stand-on vessel takes action in accordance with Rule 17(a)(ii) the give-way vessel is not relieved of her obligation to keep out of the way.
CONCLUSION : According to the RULE (2), nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seaman or by the special circumstances of the case. In construing and complying with these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved which may make a departure from these rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
댓글